过去完成时是英语中的一种时态,表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成的动作或存在的状态。其基本结构为:
肯定句:主语 + had + 过去分词
否定句:主语 + had not (hadn't) + 过去分词
疑问句:had + 主语 + 过去分词
一、基本结构解析
肯定句 例如:
> By the time the meeting started, we had already finished the report.
(会议开始时,我们已经完成了报告。)
否定句
例如:
> She had not finished her homework when her father called.
(她父亲打电话时,她还没完成作业。)
疑问句
- 一般疑问句: 例如: > Had the movie started yet? (电影开始了吗?) - 特殊疑问句
例如:
> Where had the guests been when you arrived?
(你到达时,客人们在哪里?)
二、时间状语与用法
过去完成时常与以下时间状语连用,表示“过去的过去”:
before(在...之前):
例如:
> I had already left when you called.
(你打电话时,我已经离开了。)
by the time(到...时候):
例如:
> The letter had arrived by the time we started the meeting.
(我们开会时,信已经到了。)
after(在...之后,较少用):
例如:
> After dinner, we had finished our homework.
(晚饭后,我们完成了作业。)
once(曾经):
例如:
> I had never seen such a beautiful sunset before.
(我从未见过如此美丽的日落。)
三、典型句型结构
主语 + had + 过去分词 + 其他
例如:
> By the time the concert started, we had already purchased our tickets.
(音乐会开始时,我们已经买了票。)
特殊疑问句结构
例如:
> How long had the movie been on when you arrived?
(你到达时,电影已经开始多久了?)
四、注意事项
过去完成时无人称和数的变化,例如:
> They had finished the project before the deadline.
与过去简单时对比:
过去简单时:She worked hard last year.
过去完成时:She had already finished her project before she started working on it last year.
通过以上结构与用法,可灵活运用过去完成时描述事件的前置关系。